Edit:
After enabling the inline translation feature again, i've translated "Go to checkout" in the minibasket again and after that all my inline translations are shown in frontend again. I can see in the database, that this change was not applied in the db, as i can see the inline translation not at the end of the table. So this would be a way to enable it, but it is still not clear to me if there is no other way to handle this issue.
Whoops, wrong forum, please move to magento2